hashemiat are title of eight religious, sociopolitical and revolutionary odes that have been verified by kumait ibn zeyd asadi; in fact these odes are considered as the first and foremost work of him and they have been versified approximately fifteen or twenty years after martyrdom of imam hossein (pbuh) within the suffocating and oppressive ruling period of umayyads and they were propagated pr...

The expansion of the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates (seventh to ninth centuries AD) brought diverse regions from Indus Valley Eurasian Steppe under hegemonic control. An overlooked aspect this political process is subsequent translocation species across ecological zones. This article explores introduction in early Islamic world, presenting first archaeological evidence for domestic water buffal...

Evaluation of the vertical diffusion coefficients from ERA-40 with Rn simulations D. J. L. Olivié , P. F. J. van Velthoven, and A. C. M. Beljaars Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, De Bilt, The Netherlands Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK Received: 15 June 2004 – Accepted: 15 July 2004 – Publi...

Abstract This article re-examines the established findings about Umayyad art as a transitional production essentially anchored in Western and Eastern Late Antique traditions that have inspired it. It argues instead Umayyads brought an aesthetic revolution laying out foundations of what has become known “Islamic ornament,” predominantly aniconic form. An epistemological shift from history to cri...

the political and social system involved in the limbo between tradition and modernity of the qajar era caused widespread and quick developments in iranian culture, art, and architecture as well as a challenge between tradition and modernity. relatively numerous palaces built in this era were signs of greatness and distinction-seeking of the qajar kings and aristocrats, who embraced all transfor...

The Great Umayyad Mosque of Damascus built between about 706 and 714/15 CE is the oldest surviving mosque that still preserves large parts its original architecture decoration. origins mosaic tesserae have been subject debate for more than a thousand years. earliest sources written two centuries after construction edifice claim Byzantine origin both, material as well craftsmen. Here we use comp...