BACKGROUND Infection with Leishmania parasites causes mainly cutaneous lesions at the site of the sand fly bite. Inflammatory metastatic forms have been reported with Leishmania species such as L. braziliensis, guyanensis and aethiopica. Little is known about the factors underlying such exacerbated clinical presentations. Leishmania RNA virus (LRV) is mainly found within South American Leishman...

Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan India gas pipeline project is a component of an extensive plan to develop Asia’s interconnected energy systems. The has significant impact on security and regional integration in South Asia. This can address the growing demand region. However, due volatility political landscape Asia complexity large-scale projects, facing number critical challenges that need fo...

On the basis of archival data, article examines situation Kazakh refugees who migrated from famine and Holodomor 1928-1933 within Kazakhstan to neighboring countries. As a result meat tax imposed by Soviet government on population, number livestock in sharply decreased, which led starvation death millions people, were deprived means subsistence (consisting mainly dairy products). In search way ...

The dysderid spider genus Dysderella Dunin, 1992 is surveyed. currently comprises two species: D. caspica (Dunin, 1990) from Azerbaijan and North Caucasus transcaspica (Dunin & Fet, 1985) Turkmenistan north-eastern Iran. Herein, elburzica sp. nov. described based on male specimens collected in Tehran Province, northern All three species are illustrated their distributions mapped.

The subsistence patterns of Iron Age and Historical period humans from south-western Turkmenistan have been reconstructed using the carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions of archaeological faunal and human bones. A qualitative comparison of the isotopic signatures points to a small proportion of ruminant meat and dairy in human diet for both periods. The ranges of proportions of dietary item...

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), an autosomal recessive disease, is characterized by the selective loss of spinal motor neurons due to reduced levels of the survival motor neuron (SMN) protein. The clinical symptoms of SMA are progressive proximal muscle weakness and paralysis. Here we describe a 20-year-old Turkmenistan male with SMA who presented with uncommon pathological reflexes and asymmetr...