We study budget constrained network upgrading problems. Such problems aim at nding optimal strategies for improving a network under some cost measure subject to certain budget constraints. Given an edge weighted graph G = (V; E), in the edge based upgrading model, it is assumed that each edge e of the given network also has an associated function ce(t) that speciies the cost of upgrading the ed...

Whey is a co-product of processes for the production of cheese and casein that retains most of the lactose content in milk. World production of whey is estimated around 200 million tons per year with an increase rate of about 2%/per year. Milk production is seasonal, so surplus whey is unavoidable. Traditionally, whey producers have considered it as a nuisance and strategies of whey handling ha...

Affordable shelter; Egypt; Housing policy; Informal settlements; Upgrading strategies; Urban poor Abstract The issue of informal settlements represents a key challenge not only in Egypt, but also worldwide. A review of informal settlements upgrading policies shows that governments have moved away from eradication policies to provision, enabling and participatory policies. This shift was motivat...

A worker’s job can be improved through on-the-job search (OJS) and job upgrading. Incorporating these external and internal job dynamics into a directed search model, this paper analytically characterizes the socially efficient allocation and quantitatively evaluates the model. The analysis shows that efficient OJS is front-loaded in a worker’s career and stops after a finite number of job swit...

Active surveillance is an acceptable treatment option in men with a low-risk prostate cancer. In the present study, we have retrospectively reviewed the outcomes of 509 men who fit the criteria for active surveillance but selected radical prostatectomy. Then, the impact of varying prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels on the risk of upstaging and upgrading in these patients was assessed. Patho...

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Background The fear of undergrading prostate cancer (PCa) in men on active surveillance (AS) have led to strict criteria for monitoring, which have resulted in good long-term cancer-specific survival, proving the safety of this approach. Reducing undergrading, MRI-targeted biopsies are increasingly used in men with low-risk disease despite their undefined role yet. The objective of this study i...

The impetus This research project started at the World Bank in 2000. Urban practitioners working on the Africa region were concerned that almost all African cities were struggling with the slum problemöslums were everywhere and growing rapidly. It was clear that something needed to be done, but the `what' was far from obvious. A key issue was that the Bank's own experience with investing in slu...

Energy policies in the US and EU during last decades have been focused on enhanced oil gas recovery, including so-called tertiary extraction or recovery (EOR), one hand, development implementation of renewable energy vectors, other, biofuels as bioethanol (mainly Brazil) biodiesel EU) [...]