As awareness of shipping’s impact on the environment grows, increasing attention is being paid to “operational lubricant discharges”. Such leakage of lubricating oil, in the course of normal operations, may occur both from underwater equipment (sterntubes, controllable pitch propellers, thrusters and pods, steering gear, stabilisers) and from above the waterline equipment (such as cranes, davit...

CFCs, HCFCs are stipulated to phase out, and other alternative refrigerants like R134a, are also constrained as a result from their high GWP values. CO2 as a natural working fluid now is used in reciprocating compressors due to its uniquely beneficial properties (ozone depletion potential, ODP=0; global warming potential, GWP =1). However, one remarkable characteristics of the CO2 reciprocating...

Wear is the progressive loss of the material from the operating surface of machine due to relative motion between surfaces. The successful design of machine elements depends upon essentially on the understanding tribological principles like wear and friction. The lubricating oils are the blood of the machine’s operation, and the service life and economic effectiveness of the machine are relativ...

The tests were carried out with the spark timing adjusted to the maximum brake torquetiming in various equivalence ratios and engine speeds for gasoline and natural gas operations. In thiswork, the lower heating value of gasoline is about 13.6% higher than that of natural gas. Based on theexperimental results, the natural gas operation causes an increase of about 6.2% brake special fuelconsumpt...

In accordance with worldwide consensus, the use of chlorofluorocarbons, which play an important role in damaging the ozone layer, should be completely abolished by the end of 1995. This provided the impetus for developing the three vane rotary compressor. Formerly CFC-12 was used as the refrigerant in automotive air conditioners, until HFC-134a was substituted for CFC-12. In response to the cha...