Over 90% of the world trade is carried by the international shipping industry. As most of the countries are developing, seaborne trade continues to expand to bring benefits for consumers across the world. Studies show that world trade will increase 70-80% through shipping in the next 15-20 years. Present global fleet of 70000 commercial ships consumes approximately 200 million tonnes of diesel ...

The study of the propagation and evolution of interplanetary disturbances, shocks and discontinuities through the magnetosheath is critical to improve our understanding of the Sun-Earth system. It’s necessary to study interaction of the Earth’s Bow Shock (BS) with interplanetary discontinuities, because the interactions influence the Earth’s magnetosphere. In this paper we discuss various types...

Ultrasonic wind speed measurement technique obtains more and more extensive use in the field of Meteorology and Environmental Protection etc. When designing an ultrasound wind vector instrument, synthesizing wind vector information, containing wind velocity vector and wind angle, is of prime importance to accomplish accurate measurement. This paper presents synthesis algorithm of ultrasonic 2D ...

The aerodynamic admittance function (AAF) has been widely invoked to relate wind pressures on building surfaces to the oncoming wind velocity. In current practice, strip and quasi-steady theories are generally employed in formulating wind effects in the along-wind direction. These theories permit the representation of the wind pressures on building surfaces in terms of the oncoming wind velocit...

introduction population growth, along with the rapid development in industrial and many urban sectors, and lack of sustainable development approach in urban planning are all caused great changes in environment in form of pollution and ravage. in urban environments, complexity of spaces and urban manmade phenomena as well as the lack of regular and continuous measurement of atmospheric elements ...

Six-yr-long time series of winds, waves, and water velocity from a cabled coastal observatory in 12 m of water reveal the separate dependence of the cross-shelf velocity profile on cross-shelf and along-shelf winds, waves, and tides. During small waves, cross-shelf wind is the dominant mechanism driving the cross-shelf circulation after tides and tidal residual motions are removed. The along-sh...