introduction: anti-counterfeiting trade agreement (acta) is a plurilateral agreement among industrialized countries including usa. top industrialized countries and in particular usa always tried to have complete control over world trade organization (wto). although they had many success for their purpose, they are not convinced about the wto functions and they can not tolerate critiques of thei...

International trade in bees and bee products is a complex issue, affected bytheir different origins and uses. The trade in bees, which poses the main risk for disease dissemination, is very active and not all transactions may be officially registered by the competent authorities. Globally, bee health continues to deteriorate as pathogens, pests, parasites and diseases are spread internationally...

Introduction. The global economy has been shaken by a wave of protectionism, which led to trade restrictions and deterioration in world GDP. spread coronavirus infection COVID-19 put the international community state uncertainty unpredictability, crisis due record rate decline. Sharp confrontations relations between leaders have called into question ability arbitrators, such as WTO, resolve dis...

Abstract This article offers the justification for a type of carbon customs union in which countries with diverse range high-ambition domestic climate measures would adopt common external tariff on intensive imports from outside union. We explain why any pragmatic approach to border (CBMs) is likely create problems under prevailing interpretations World Trade Organization's (WTO) primary rules....

Paragraph 31(iii) of the Doha Ministerial Declaration mandates to the liberalization of environmental goods and services. This mandate offers a good opportunity to put climate-friendly goods and services on a fast track to liberalization. Agreement on this paragraph should represent one immediate contribution that the WTO can make to fight against climate change. This paper presents the key iss...

This article will question the legality of measures of environmental ‘conditionality’ in the Generalized System of Preferences [GSP] of the European Community [EC]. The GSP is a GATT/WTO authorized scheme which permits developed nations to grant non-reciprocal tariff preferences in favour of developing countries. The objectives of the GSP are primarily development-oriented in that it aims to in...

Although a growing number of regional trade agreements (RTAs) include telecommunications provisions, the collection and systematization information on provisions in RTAs remain limited. This paper addresses this gap by mapping reviewing different types found that have been notified to World Trade Organization (WTO).

Services constitute a significant part of GDP and overall trade in modern economies, but little is known about the magnitude its obstacles. Great effort has been made to establish measures services frictions on Organization Economic Cooperation Development (OECD) World Bank. A customary way using these employ them log-linear regressions gauge their effect flows. This may be problematic extent t...