Spore-forming bacteria are a class of microorganisms that possess the ability to survive in extreme environmental conditions. Morphological features of spores assure their resistance to stress factors such as high temperature, radiation, disinfectants, and drying. Consequently, spore elimination in industrial and medical environments is very challenging. Ceragenins are a new class of cationic l...

Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) is a native plant of Mediterranean Sea areas. Silymarin, an extract from its seeds, is used in various liver diseases for its hepatoprotective effects. It contains silymarin flavonoids (SF) such as silybin, silydianin and silychristin. Cyclosporin A (CsA) is widely used as an immunosuppressant in organ transplantations. Its other applications in many autoimmune d...

background: cyclosporine a (csa) is a potent immunosuppressant drug with therapeutic and toxic actions. the use of csa is limited by its toxicity. several researchers had proposed that oxidative stress could play an important role in csa-induced toxicity. arbutin has recently been shown to possess antioxidative and free radical scavenging abilities.the present study was designed to investigate ...

Cyclosporine A (CsA), a cyclic polypeptide metabolite extracted from the fungus, is used clinically to combat organ graft rejection in transplant subjects. Previous studies have shown that CsA exposure enhances the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation, which are directly involved in CsA toxicity. To protect cells and organs against ROS, the human body has evolved a...