stress is a threatening factor that all living organisms encounter throughout life. depending on the type of stress, there are several mechanisms for keeping body homeostasis to minimize stress effects. brain is an organ which shows high sensitivity to stress conditions. although many studies have shown induced-stress effects on rat embryos, little is known about the mechanisms involved in copi...

Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) is able to separate hundreds to thousands of proteins or polypeptides by coupling IsoElectric Focusing (IEF) in first dimension and Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate PolyAcrylamide-Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) in second dimension. This particular configuration is called classical 2-DE: IEF separates proteins in function of their isoelectric point (pI) and SDS-...

introduction two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2dge) is a powerful technique in proteomics for protein separation. in this technique, spot segmentation is an essential stage, which can be challenging due to problems such as overlapping spots, streaks, artifacts and noise. watershed transform is one of the common methods for image segmentation. nevertheless, in 2dge image segmentation, the no...

Earthworms possess antioxidant, antibacterial, antitumor, and hemolytic properties. To recognize the molecules responsible for various biological activities of earthworm’s coelomic fluid, a detailed knowledge about its protein contents is required. The aim of this study was to characterize the proteins present within the coelomic fluid of Eisenia foetida earthworm. Polyacrylamide-gel-elec...

the indian riverine buffaloes are more susceptible to variations in the environment. these variations affect seminal plasma proteins, which in turn affect fertility. this study was conducted to evaluate variations in the indian bubalus bubalis seminal plasma protein profile using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2d-page) during winter and summer seasons, and its relation with...

we have modified one of the most useful methods of protein separation; namely, two dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-de). this modified version of 2-de is not only simpler and easier but also faster than all the currently available methods. in this method, isoelectric focusing is carried out in the first dimension using a vertical sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-...

Introduction 2 Deoxyribonucleic Acid to Ribonucleic Acid 4 Ribonucleic Acid to Protein 6 Proteome Handling in Classical and Functional Proteomics 6 Protein Purification 6 Cell Culture 8 Other Source of Samples 8 Subpopulation of Cells 10 Subcellular Components 11 Protein Separation by Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis 12 Principles of Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoretic Separation 13 Detectio...