background: the trematodes of the genus fasciola (the liver flukes) are among the well-known instances of food-borne parasites worldwide. differentiation of fasciola species is important because of their different transmission and epidemio-logical characteristics. the current study was undertaken to discriminate fasciola species in the domestic ruminants of urmia city, iran. methods: adult fluk...

background: infection with ornithobilharzia turkestanicum has been reported in a wide ran ge of animals worldwide. this study was undertaken to assess the util-ity of polymerase chain reaction (pcr), for detecting the infection with o . turke-stanicum larvae stages in lymnaea gedrosiana . methods: a total of 6,759 lymnaeidae snails were collected from six aquatic habitats in west azarbaijan, no...

Li M., Wu X., Guo X., Bao P., Ding X., Chu M., Liang C., Yan P. (2017): Identification of optimal reference genes for examination of gene expression in different tissues of fetal yaks. Czech J. Anim. Sci., 62, 426– 434. Reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) is widely used to study the relative abundance of mRNA transcripts because of its sensitivity and reliable quantificat...

The liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, is considered as the most common cause of fasciolosis in both domestic livestock and human. This study was carried out to detect the prevalence of the larval stages of F. hepatica in the snails Galba truncatula and Lymnaea stagnalis in West Azarbaijan, Iran. Snail collection was performed through searching 28 freshwater habitats from May to December 2010. Fol...

the liver fluke, fasciola hepatica, is considered as the most common cause of fasciolosis in both domestic livestock and human. this study was carried out to detect the prevalence of the larval stages of f. hepatica in the snails galba truncatula and lymnaea stagnalis in west azarbaijan, iran. snail collection was performed through searching 28 freshwater habitats from may to december 2010. fol...

Lutzomyia spp. are New World phlebotomine sand flies, many of which are involved in the transmission of human diseases, such as leishmaniases and bartonellosis. The systematic classification of the approximately 400 species in the genus has been based on morphological characters, but the relationships within the genus are still very much in question. We have inferred phylogenies of 32 species o...

We investigated the nucleotide composition of five genes, Xdh, Adh, Sod, Per, and 28SrRNA, in nine species of Drosophila (subgenus Sophophora) and one of Scaptodrosophila. The six species of the Drosophila saltans group markedly differ from the others in GC content and codon use bias. The GC content in the third codon position, and to a lesser extent in the first position and the introns, is hi...

In general, for real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), normalization strategies use a reference gene as a control and to avoid the introduction of experimental errors expression of this gene should not vary in response to changing conditions. However, the expression of many reference genes has been reported to vary considerably and, without appropriate normalization, the expre...

BACKGROUND Infection with Ornithobilharzia turkestanicum has been reported in a wide range of animals worldwide. This study was undertaken to assess the utility of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), for detecting the infection with O. turkestanicum larvae stages in Lymnaea gedrosiana. METHODS A total of 6,759 Lymnaeidae snails were collected from six aquatic habitats in West Azarbaijan, northwe...