flower morphology of ten fritillaria species of subgenera theresia and fritillaria growing wild in iran is studied using seventy morphological characters. qualitative and quantitative datasets separated taxa into subgenera, sectional and groups. three enigmatic species f. caucasica, f. zagrica (endemic to zagros mountains) and f. pinardii (recently reported from zagros mountains) appeared as cl...

Pollinator and flower morphology are important factors in structuring the plant-pollinator relationship. A pollinator’s morphology may influence aspects of its diet. Flower-visiting bats are important pollinators but very little is known about what influences their interactions with food plants. I examined the role of morphology in the partitioning of food resources for five species of flower-v...

Chain-like Co flower is synthesized by simply modulating the reaction conditions via a facile liquid-phase reduction method. The morphology evolution process and transformation mechanism from particle to flower and finally to chain-like flower have been systematically investigated. [001] is the preferred growth orientation due to the existence of easy magnetic axis. The microwave loss mechanism...

Relationships between flowers and pollinators are generally considered cases of mutualism since both agents gain benefits. Fine-tuned adaptations are usually found in the form of strict one-to-one coevolution between species. Many insect pollinators are, however, considered generalists, visiting numerous kinds of flowers, and many flower species (angiosperms) are also considered generalists, vi...

Shifts in flower symmetry have occurred frequently during the diversification of angiosperms, and it is thought that such shifts play important roles in plant-pollinator interactions. In the model developmental system Antirrhinum majus (snapdragon), the closely related genes CYCLOIDEA (CYC) and DICHOTOMA (DICH) are needed for the development of zygomorphic flowers and the determination of adaxi...

Zinc hydroxide fluoride (Zn(OH)F) with novel flower-like morphology has been prepared via a microwave-assisted ionic liquid route. The flower-like Zn(OH)F particle has six petals and every petal is composed of lots of acicular nano-structure. Nanoporous ZnO is obtained by thermal decomposition of as-prepared Zn(OH)F in air, and the flower-like morphology is well retained. In the process of synt...

Flower-like ZnO nanostructures were synthesized by decomposing Zn(OH)2 in 1,4- butanediol at 105 °C for 36 h. Size of flower-like ZnO nanostructure can be controlled by pH of the aqueous solution. In the preparation of flower-like ZnO nanostructure, zinc nitrate was used as a precursor. The morphology and microstructure of flower-like ZnO nanostructure have been characterized by scanning electr...

Most important breeding goals in ornamental crops are plant appearance and flower characteristics where selection is visually performed on direct offspring of crossings. We developed an image analysis toolbox for the acquisition of flower and petal images from cultivated carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) that was validated by a detailed analysis of flower and petal size and shape in 78 comme...

A pollination syndrome is defined as a suite of floral traits that are associated with the attraction of a specific group of animals as pollinators. Traits such as flower morphology, color, scent, and rewards contribute to the plant's reproductive success by attracting pollinators. Here we focus on the genetics of natural variation in flower morphology and how the adaptation between plants and ...

Systemins and their hydroxyproline-rich glycopeptide systemin (ppHS) subfamily members are known to mediate antiherbivore defenses in some solanaceous taxa but not others; functions other than in defense remain largely unexplored. Nicotiana attenuata's ppHS is known not to function in herbivore defense. NappHS transcripts are abundant in flowers, particularly in pistils, and when two N. attenua...