Local inhibitory GABAergic and excitatory glutamatergic neurons are important for midbrain dopaminergic and hindbrain serotonergic pathways controlling motivation, mood, and voluntary movements. Such neurons reside both within the dopaminergic nuclei, and in adjacent brain structures, including the rostromedial and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei. Compared with the monoaminergic neurons, the deve...

The toxic metal, lead, is associated with aggressive behavior, delinquency, and attention disorders in boys between the ages of 7 and 11, according to a study by Herbert Needleman published in 1996 in the JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (JAMA).[1] Aggressive behavior, delinquency and attention disorders in youth are, themselves, predictors of criminal behavior later in life.[2] This...

The UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 2B subfamily of enzymes plays an important role in the metabolism of numerous endogenous and exogenous compounds, including various carcinogens present in tobacco smoke. The goal of the present study was to examine the levels of expression of individual UGT2B genes in various tissues that are targets for tobacco carcinogenesis. Using MTATP6 as the experimen...

Jan Monti1,2,9, Judith Fischer1,9, Svetlana Paskas1, Matthias Heinig1,3, Herbert Schulz1, Claudia Gösele1, Arnd Heuser1,2, Robert Fischer1,2, Cosima Schmidt1, Alexander Schirdewan2, Volkmar Gross1, Oliver Hummel1, Henrike Maatz1, Giannino Patone1, Kathrin Saar1, Martin Vingron3, Steven M Weldon4, Klaus Lindpaintner5, Bruce D Hammock6, Klaus Rohde1, Rainer Dietz1,2, Stuart A Cook7, Wolf-Hagen Sc...

The study was originally designed to test the hypothesis that the compensatory increase in intestinal P450 (cytochrome P450) expression in the intestinal epithelium-specific P450 reductase (CPR) knockout (IE-Cpr-null) mice was attributable to decreased metabolism of putative P450 inducers present in the diet. Thus, we determined the impact of a dietary change from regular rodent chow to a synth...

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may be interpreted as giving the amount of information I due to two independent events A and B with probabilities p and q, respectively. The functional equation (1.1) is one of Cauchy equations, and has been dealt with extensively (see Aczdl [1-2]). However, it is more often than not that we do not have the exact values of the probabilities p and q because not enough data is available or becaus...

Symptomatic forms of toxoplasmosis are a serious public health problem and occur in around 10-20% of the infected people. Aiming to improve the molecular diagnosis of symptomatic toxoplasmosis in Brazilian patients, this study evaluated the performance of real time PCR testing two primer sets (B1 and REP-529) in detecting Toxoplasma gondii DNA. The methodology was assayed in 807 clinical sample...