This study was conducted in district Gilgit during 2007. Forty-nine cherry producers, twenty-five wholesalers and thirty retailers were interviewed. The study was focused to identify the agencies involved and the channels used in the marketing of cherry and also to calculate the gross marketing margins and price spread of all the intermediaries involved in various marketing channels. Four marke...

in this research the activity of 75 producers, 55 wholesalers and 55 retailers, citrus market of jahrom county was investigated. the results indicated that margin of wholesale, retail and total margin of citrus in this county was 1461.1, 1480.3, and 2941.4 rs respectively. share of producer from marginal price was estimated to be 57.9 percent and share of wholesaler was more than retailer. in t...

The rainfall and runoff relationship becomes an intriguing issue as urbanization continues to evolve worldwide. In this paper, we developed a simulation model based on the soil conservation service curve number (SCS-CN) method to analyze the rainfall-runoff relationship in Guangzhou, a rapid growing metropolitan area in southern China. The SCS-CN method was initially developed by the Natural Re...

This paper considers vertical price relationships between wholesalers and retailers on five local maize markets in Benin. We show that if the common factor and the long-run disequilibrium error are not explicitly taken into account in testing the channel model, one can easily be wrong about how restrictions on the error-correction structure must be interpreted in terms of economic power in the ...

In January of that year George D Lundberg, Editor of the Journal of the American Medical Association [JAMA], was sacked by the American Medical Association (Anderson 1999). Some five months later, Jerome P Kassirer, Editor of the New England Journal of Medicine, left the Journal when his contract with the Massachusetts Medical Society, the journal’s owners, was not renewed (Smith 1999). At the ...

International trade models typically assume that producers in one country trade directly with final consumers in another. In reality, of course, trade can involve long chains of potentially independent actors who move goods through wholesale and retail distribution networks. These networks likely affect the magnitude and nature of trade frictions and hence both the pattern of trade and its welf...

We propose a concrete procedure of a Σ-protocol proving knowledge that a set of witnesses satisfies a monotone predicate in the witness-indistinguishable manner. Inspired by the high-level work proposed by Cramer, Damg̊ard and Schoenmakers at CRYPTO ’94, we provide a concrete procedure by extending the so-called OR-proof.