background: cryptosporidium parvum is a protozoan parasite which belongs to apicomplexa phylum. the parasite infects both wild and domesticated animals and human beings as well. objectives: the purpose of the present study was to detect oocyst shedding and diarrhea pattern in experimental cryptosporidiosis and their correlation with weight loss in neonatal calves. methods: twelve holstein calve...

There is poor understanding of host responses to avian influenza virus (AIV) infection in wild birds, with most experimental studies using captive-bred birds and highly pathogenic AIVs that have an early endpoint. The objective of this study was to experimentally assess antibody responses and patterns of viral excretion in wild birds challenged with a low pathogenicity AIV. Ruddy turnstones (Ar...

s of papers 105 12 dpi (P < 0.05); no difference between treatments was found at 6 dpi (P > 0.05). Secretory Ab level against a recombinant Eimeria antigen was constant (P > 0.05) in Cbirds, but increased with time (P < 0.05) in A-, AP and CP birds. Serum Ab levels were also constant in Aand CP, but increased (P < 0.05) in Cand AP after 6 dpi. The data demonstrate that this Lactobacillus-based ...

The effects of cinnamaldehyde (CINN) on in vitro parameters of immunity and in vivo protection against avian coccidiosis were evaluated. In vitro stimulation of chicken spleen lymphocytes with CINN (25-400 ng/ml) induced greater cell proliferation compared with the medium control (P < 0·001). CINN activated cultured macrophages to produce higher levels of NO at 1·2-5·0 μg/ml (P < 0·001), inhibi...

Introduction Reducing protein intake is recommended for slowing chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression, but assessment of its true effectiveness is sparse. Methods Using the Maroni formula, we assessed dietary protein intake (DPI) from 24-hour urinary urea excretion in 1594 patients (67% men and 33% women) with CKD, 784 of whom also had 7-day food records. Cause-specific hazard ratios (HRs)...

Avian Metapneumovirus (aMPV) affects both turkeys and chickens. The virus is associated with swollen head syndrome (SHS) in broilers. Most of the studies regarding aMPV have been done in turkeys. Not much is known about the pathogenesis and immune response to aMPV in broilers. Therefore, our objectives were to study the pathogenesis and immune responses of broilers experimentally infected with ...

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect formulations vitamin K, organic acids, essential oils and plant hydroalcoholic extracts as anticoccidial alternatives in broilers. A 34-day cage trial with 10 replicates 12 birds/cage conducted. Male broilers (Ross 308) were randomly assigned to: 1) non-infected (NI); 2) Eimeria-infected (EI); 3) EI+decoquinate/zoalene shuttle program (D...

Twenty-four specific pathogen free pigs were inoculated intradermally at the front-right heel bulb with 0.5 ml of viral suspension containing 10(6.0)tissue culture infectious dose (TCID(50)) with the porcinophillic strain (O/Taiwan/97) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) isolated from the epizootic of FMD in Taiwan in 1997. Two pigs were euthanatized at 8 h, 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 12, 15, 21, 26 and...

Lethal influenza A (H5N1) induces respiratory failure in humans. Although it also causes death at 7 days postinfection (dpi) in mice, the development of the respiratory failure and the viral impact on pre-Botzinger complex (PBC) neurons expressing neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R), which is the respiratory rhythm generator, have not been explored. Body temperature, weight, ventilation, and arterial ...

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is associated with clinical diarrhea in naïve swine of all ages. This report describes timing of antibody generation and disease progression following infection with a US PEDV isolate by assessing fecal viral shedding, morphometric analysis of intestinal lesions, and magnitude of immunohistochemical staining. Sixty-three, 3-week-old pigs were randomly allo...