The multi-level programming problems are attractive for many researchers because of their application in several areas such as economic, traffic, finance, management, transportation, information technology, engineering and so on. It has been proven that even the general bi-level programming problem is an NP-hard problem, so the multi-level problems are practical and complicated problems therefo...

One of the most complicated decision making problems for managers is the evaluation of bank performance, which involves various criteria. There are many studies about bank efficiency evaluation by network DEA in the literature review. These studies do not focus on multi-level network. Wu (Eur J Oper Res 207:856–864, 2010) proposed a bi-level structure for cost efficiency at the first time. In t...

Abstract: Bi-level programming, a tool for modeling decentralized decisions, consists of the objective(s) of the leader at its first level and that is of the follower at the second level. Three level programming results when second level is itself a bi-level programming. By extending this idea it is possible to define multi-level programs with any number of levels. Supply chain planning problem...

In this paper, we integrate goal programming (GP), Taylor Series, Kuhn-Tucker conditions and Penalty Function approaches to solve linear fractional bi-level programming (LFBLP)problems. As we know, the Taylor Series is having the property of transforming fractional functions to a polynomial. In the present article by Taylor Series we obtain polynomial objective functions which are equivalent...

  Bi-level programming, a tool for modeling decentralized decisions, consists of the objective(s) of the leader at its first level and that is of the follower at the second level. Three level programming results when second level is itself a bi-level programming. By extending this idea it is possible to define multi-level programs with any number of levels. Supply chain planning problems are co...

Some of the real life decisions are made in decentralized manner under uncertainty. Stochastic bi-level linear programming problems are used to handle such decision making problems. In this paper, we have proposed stochastic bi-level linear programming problems where some of the right hand side parameters of the constraints in both first (leader) and second level (follower) as normal and log-no...