Whistleblowers and activists need the ability to communicate without disclosing their identity, as of course do kidnappers and terrorists. Recent advances in the technology of stylometry (the study of authorial style) or “authorship attribution” have made it possible to identify the author with high reliability in a non-confrontational setting. In a confrontational setting, where the author is ...

Abstract In the wake of the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran and the ensuing dominance of political Islam discourse and its impact on Pakistani society, the ground was prepared for the spread of Wahhabism and anti-Shiism in that country due to the failure of the Islamabad government to manage the reactive conduct of extremist Salafist groups as well as its engagement in internal dis...

A recent book promoting negotiations as an alternative to confrontations cites the empirical evidence that in business situations, confrontational attitude leads, on average, to a 75% loss in comparison with negotiations. An additional empirical fact is that only in 10% of the cases, negotiations are not possible and confrontation is inevitable. 1 Formulation of the Problem A recent business-or...

This paper presents an analysis of video-recordings and other micro-level data of the 1995 Srebrenica massacre in Bosnia-and-Herzegovina. It focuses on the sequential unfolding of micro-interactions and emotional dynamics before, and over the course of the atrocity. The paper argues that massacres have a pattern of situational emergence: local emotional dynamics are crucial to explain where and...

Private politics social pressure in led by social activists that use confrontational and cooperative strategies to cause firms to provide social benefits. This paper presents theories of the supply of social pressure by activists and the demand for social pressure as represented by the attractiveness of firms as targets and partners. A confrontational activist can drive potential targets into c...