this paper proposes an optimal power flow (opf) algorithm by direct load control (dlc) programs to optimize the operational cost of smart grids considering various scenarios based on different constraints. the cost function includes active power production cost of available power sources and a novel flexible load curtailment cost associated with dlc programs. the load curtailment cost is based ...

The problem is that many natural language expression types lead a double life, simultaneously here and there, masquerading as a local lump but somehow interacting directly with distant elements. The two main examples discussed here are bound anaphora, in which an anaphor depends for its value on some distant binder; and quantification, in which some local element takes semantic scope over a pro...

foreign direct investment has been a key topic in development literature for a long time. many economists have written articles on the on recipient’s macroeconomic variables, transfer of capital and technology. the improvement of managerial and human resources, promotion of foreign trade with its emphasized role on economic growth of recipients. other economists have an opposite view. they have...

The legacy electrical grid upper-bounds a customer’s energy demand using a circuit breaker. The breaker is conservatively sized so that it rarely ‘trips,’ interrupting supply and inconveniencing the customer. This results in a system whose peak load can be much higher than its average load. Such a system can be made reliable only by being provisioned, at great cost, for infrequent peaks. The go...

This paper considers how NHS Direct is affecting demand for primary care in particular out-of-hours services from GPs. This is reviewed through a 3-year study of NHS Direct and HARMONI, the integrated telephone health helpline based in West London. It describes the policy background and development of the services on the site, and some of the outcomes of the HARMONI commissioned research to ans...