Maintenance is one approach to manage risk by a reduction of the probability of failure of technical systems and/or the consequences of their failure. However, history has shown that erroneous maintenance also can lead to reduced quality, incidents and accidents with extensive losses. Today, eMaintenance promises great opportunities for a paradigm shift from a rather narrow condition-based main...

5LIST OF ACRONYMS6LIST OF SYMBOLS8INTRODUCTION91. CURRENT STATUS IN INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATIONSTANDARDS111.1 IEC standards111.1.1 IEC 61131 standard131.1.2 IEC 61499 standard142. IEC 61131 AND IEC 61499 STANDARDSAND THEIR FUTURE DEVELOPMENT172.1 IEC 61131192.2 IEC 61499282.2.1 System design312.2.2...

A set of technical, administrative and management activities are done in the life cycle of equipment, to be located in good condition and have proper and expected functioning. This is refers to be, maintenance management system (MMS). The framework and models of assessment in order to enhance effectiveness of a MMS could be proposed in two categories: qualitative and quantitative. In this resea...

Over the past few decades, adoption of different Additive Manufacturing (AM) processes has gained momentum in manufacturing industry. One such emerging AM process is wire-based directed energy deposition. Environmental impacts and costs are important criteria for any process. Therefore, aim this paper to evaluate environmental economic performance Wire Arc (WAAM) using Life Cycle assessment (LC...

This manual has been prepared by or for the Government and, except to the extent indicated below, is public property and not subject to copyright. Reprint or republication of this manual should include a credit substantially as Table 3-1 Safety integrity levels – low demand operation and table 3-2 Safety integrity levels – continuous operation are reprinted with permission from the Internationa...

This paper proposes a new methodology of migration from IEC 61131-3 PLCs to IEC 61499 function blocks. The aim of this migration process is to recreate IEC 61131-3 applications in IEC 61499 implementations with equivalent execution behavior. The formal model of the IEC 61131-3 standard for migration and cyclical execution model is defined. This method also creates a foundation for correct-by-de...

This manual has been prepared by or for the Government and, except to the extent indicated below, is public property and not subject to copyright. Reprint or republication of this manual should include a credit substantially as Table 3-1 Safety integrity levels – low demand operation and table 3-2 Safety integrity levels – continuous operation are reprinted with permission from the Internationa...

PLCs (Programmable Logical Controllers) are embedded computers built specifically for the industrial environment, and used for the automation of industrial processes. These systems are typically programmed using programming languages defined in the IEC 61131-3 standard (this includes 2 textual and 3 graphical programming languages). IEC 61131-3 however only considers PLCs working in isolation. ...