which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Viral infections such as HIV and HCV have a serious negative effect on the health of injecting drug users (IDUs) in Iran (1-4). Two recent studies in Tehran, Iran have shown that HCV prevalence was between 52%-80% among IDUs (5, 6). Furthermore, many IDUs might be infected...

of tincture of opium, with 15 minims of chloroform in water, and putting him on a wooden bedstead, lifted the latter so that his body formed an angle of nearly 45\ with an imaginary line drawn from his head parallel to the ground, both his legs being uppermost, and tied down with a bedslieet to the bedstead, to prevent his slipping down, out of the bed, in the direction of his head, which was l...

Parallel to the "poppy-seed defense" strategy commonly reported in the United States, donors of urine samples tested positive for opiates in Taiwan often claimed the consumption of Brown Mixture (BM) as the source of the observed morphine and codeine. Because BM contains opium powder (10.0-10.5% morphine), opium tincture (0.9-1.1% morphine), or camphorated opium tincture (0.045-0.055% morphine)...

Background: Opioid use disorder is a major concern to public health, and opioid maintenance treatment onmethadone or buprenorphine is a widely used approach. On the other hand, in recent years, there has beenmore regards for the use of opium tincture for detoxification and maintenance treatment of opioiddependence in certain parts...

BACKGROUND The knowledge and acceptance of the concept of brain death among future health professionals is essential. The objective of this study was to analyze the knowledge of the concept of brain death among nursing students at the Medical University of Warsaw and determine the factors that affect it. METHODS Academic year 2011-2012, nursing students of the University of Poland. Sampling p...

lie was .completely unable to make water. A hip-bath and a good dose of laudanum having been first tried without advantage, several attempts Were made to pass a catheter into the bladder, but all without success. Some other means of relieving him then forced itself on my attention. At the time, especially as he was a young man with a small prostate, I would have preferred the puncture bv the re...

the current preliminary study aimed to explore the reasons that a group of opiate-dependent patients reported for entry into opium tincture treatment (ott).through examinations of 52 qualitative focus group interviews with patients from six ott centers and 10 health providers (in key informant interviews) in tehran, this study highlights the factors that participants reported as the reasons ass...