Adenosine receptors are G-protein coupled P1 purinergic receptors that are broadly expressed in the peripheral immune system, vasculature, and the central nervous system (CNS). Within the immune system, adenosine 2A (A2A) receptor-mediated signaling exerts a suppressive effect on ongoing inflammation. In healthy CNS, A2A receptors are expressed mainly within the neurons of the basal ganglia. Al...

adenosine acts as neuromodulator in the brain, which its involvement in a wide range of brain processes and diseases has been studied, such as epilepsy, sleep, anxiety, panic disorder, alzheimer’s disease, parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia. adenosine receptors have been detected: a1r, a2ar (a2ar), a2br, and a3r. a1r and a2r inhibit camp production, while a2ar and a2br stimulate camp product...

objective: it has been suggested that low frequency stimulation (lfs) exerts its inhibitory effect on epileptogenesis through adenosine receptors activation. in the present study, effect of different lfs frequencies on a1 and a2a receptors gene expression was investigated in perforant path kindled seizures. materials and methods: animals were kindled by perforant path stimulation. afterdischarg...

Koos BJ. Adenosine A2a receptors and O2 sensing in development. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 301: R601–R622, 2011. First published June 15, 2011; doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00664.2010.—Reduced mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, via activation of adenylate kinase and the resulting exponential rise in the cellular AMP/ATP ratio, appears to be a critical factor underlying O2 sensing in ma...

Evidence for heteromeric receptor complexes comprising adenosine A2A and metabotropic glutamate 5 (mGlu5) receptors in striatum has raised the possibility of synergistic interactions between striatal A2A and mGlu5 receptors. We investigated the role of striatal A2A receptors in the locomotor stimulant and antiparkinsonian properties of mGlu5 antagonists using complementary pharmacologic and gen...

Acute activation of Galpha(i/o)-coupled D2 dopamine receptors inhibits A2A adenosine receptor stimulation of adenylate cyclase. This antagonistic interaction between D2 dopamine and A2A adenosine receptors has been well documented; however, the effects of persistent activation of D2 dopamine receptors on subsequent A2A adenosine receptor signaling have not been explored. The present study inves...

Adenosine receptors (AR) are a family of G-protein coupled receptors, comprised of four members, named A1, A2A, A2B, and A3 receptors, found widely distributed in almost all human body tissues and organs. To date, they are known to participate in a large variety of physiopathological responses, which include vasodilation, pain, and inflammation. In particular, in the central nervous system (CNS...

Adenosine A2a receptors are found in coronary vascular tissue although, their presence in myocardium is subject to investigation. Although there have been numerous studies on adenosine A2a receptor agonist effects on contractility and cAMP levels in ventricular myocytes, these have yielded conflicting results. Negative pharmacological studies have even led to the conclusion that A2a receptors a...

Adenosine A2A receptors belong to the heptaspanning membrane receptors family A, also known as G protein-coupled receptors. In human brain they are highly expressed in striatum, where they co-exist and co-function with adenosine A1, glutamate mGlu5 and dopamine D2 receptors. As glutaminergic neurotransmission modulators in GABAergic enkephalinergic neurons, adenosine A2A receptors are attractiv...

Adenosine is a powerful central neuromodulator acting via opposing A1 (inhibitor) and A2a (activator) receptors. However, in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), both adenosine receptor subtypes attenuate cardiopulmonary chemoreflex (CCR) sympathoinhibition of renal, adrenal, and lumbar sympathetic nerve activity and attenuate reflex decreases in arterial pressure and heart rate. Adenosine ...