There are some artificial and natural materials on foundation of heap leaching structures. Geomembrane liner is the most important artificial isolated layer of these structures. The thickness of this layer is about 1 to 2 mm. Foundation overall settlement of such structures changes the primary length of the geomembrane layer. If the strain of geomembrane is more than allowable one, the layer wi...

What, if anything, are the implications of the happiness economics literature on competition policy? This Article first examines whether competition policy should promote (or at least not impede) citizens' opportunities to increase well-being. It next surveys the happiness literature on five key issues: (i) What constitutes well-being; (ii) How do you measure well-being; (iii) What increases we...

For sessile organisms, dispersal and recruitment are typically spatially stochastic, but there is little understanding of how this variability scales up to influence processes such as competitive coexistence. Here we argue that coexistence of benthic marine animals is enhanced by stochastic differences between species in the spatial distribution of larval settlement. Differentiation of settleme...

In this article a brief review of the literature on the subject is cited. The method of analysis by a finite element program is discussed in which the effect of different influential parameters are examined. The results of these computations are then compared to the corresponding empirical data and two other existing formulae for two dimensional cases. The comparisons show quite reliable and ac...

Over the past decade the most popular design for high-value payment systems has changed, reflecting market needs and the concerns of central banks for systemic stability. Before 1990 most systems were designed on a deferred net settlement (DNS) basis but since then almost all major countries have moved to Real-Time Gross Settlement (RTGS) systems for high-value payments. They are now used widel...

Structured settlement underwriting is the underwriting of medically impaired lives for the purchase of an annuity to fund the settlement. Other than risk assessment, structured settlement (SS) underwriting has little in common with traditional life insurance underwriting. Most noteworthy of these differences is the relative lack of actuarial data on which to base decisions about mortality and t...

Previous comparative analyses of gross and net settlement have focused on the credit risk of the central counterparty in net settlement arrangements, and on the incentives for participants to alter the risk of the portfolio under net settlement. By modeling the trading economy that generates the demand for payment services, we are able to show some largely unexplored advantages of net settlemen...

As nuclear families have become increasingly less stable over the past quarter century, married couples have been faced with the difficult task of negotiating the terms by which marriage is ended. For parents, divorce involves questions revolving around the care and sustenance of children. In this paper we investigate whether observed divorce settlements indicate that parents make trade-offs in...

Understanding how the density and spatial arrangement of invaders is critical to developing management strategies of pest species. The Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, has been translocated around the world for aquaculture and in many instances has established wild populations. Relative to other species of bivalve, it displays rapid suspension feeding, which may cause mortality of pelagic inv...