background: this study evaluated the efficacy of focal intramuscular injection of botulinum (bont) toxin type a in comparison with oral tizanidine (tzd) in treatment of post-stroke upper limb spasticity. methods: this was a double-blinded randomized clinical trial that recruited 68 patients with post-stroke upper limb spasticity. thirty-four patients received bont (dysport(®)) injections in aff...

BACKGROUND The Action Research Arm (ARA) test is a performance test of upper extremity motor function which consists of 19 items divided into four hierarchical subtests. This multidimensionality has not yet been tested empirically. OBJECTIVE To investigate the dimensionality of the ARA test. DESIGN Cross-sectional study involving a sample of 63 chronic stroke patients. METHODS A Mokken sc...