according to plantinga’s reformed epistemology, as perceptual beliefs, religious beliefs are properly basic, and therefore need no additional justification. but as it has been said frequently, this idea may lead to relativism. in this paper, first, we argue that not only its relativistic aspect allows for religious extremism, but also it could be used to justify that kind of extremism. then, re...

Abstract In response to Pascal's famous wager argument for adopting Christian belief, Denis Diderot noted that ‘An Imam could just as well reason this way’. article, I will show how Diderot's observation about can legitimately be made Alvin Plantinga's Reformed Epistemology (RE) and its use in defending the rationality of belief. RE can, with some minor adjustments, easily adopted by Muslims. s...

Philosophers have often attempted to use counterfactual conditionals to analyze probability. This article focuses on counterfactual analyzes of epistemic probability by Alvin Plantinga and Peter van Inwagen. I argue that a certain type of counterfactual situation creates problems for these analyses. I then argue that Plantinga’s intuition about the role of warrant in epistemic probability is mi...

In Chapter 12 of Warrant and Proper Function, Alvin Plantinga constructs two arguments against evolutionary naturalism, which he construes as a conjunction E&N . The hypothesis E says that “human cognitive faculties arose by way of the mechanisms to which contemporary evolutionary thought directs our attention (p. 220).” With respect to proposition N , Plantinga (p. 270) says “it isn’t easy to ...

)w hat is common and di fferent in two great thinkers’ views?rationality of faith is one of the most important issues in contemporary philosophy of religion that most philosophers of religion have discussed it . alvin plantinga and richard swinburne with theistic approach have discussed this subject. swinburne with evidentialist approach concludes that religious belief like every another belief...

The free will defense attempts to show that the existence of God is logically compatible with the existence of evil, and it received its most sophisticated development in the work of Alvin Plantinga (1974). Many philosophers believe that Plantinga’s free will defense conclusively demonstrates the logical compatibility of God and evil. Philosophers such as W. Alston, R. Adams, and W. Rowe have w...