In order to characterize the biological functions coupled to cholecystokinin (CCK) A and B receptors, the effects of gastrin(2-17 ds) and caerulein were compared. An isolated cell model, the pancreatic acinar cell line AR4-2J, was used and the experiments were carried out in serum-free media. Caerulein was found to evoke no mitogenic effects either alone or in the presence of the CCK antagonist...

This second paper examines the Southern Hemisphere annular mode (SAM) variability from reconstructions, observed indices, and simulations from 17 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) models from 1865 to 2005. Comparisons reveal the models do not fully simulate the duration of strong natural variability within the reconstructions during the 1930s and 19...

Activation of certain phosphoinositidase-C-linked cell-surface receptors is known to cause an acceleration of the proteolysis of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate [Ins(1,4,5)P3] receptors and, thus, lead to Ins(1,4,5)P3-receptor down-regulation. In the current study we have sought to determine whether the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway is involved in this adaptive response. The data presented show (i)...

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) is a perennial warm-season grass native to North America that has been identified as a dedicated cellulosic biofuel crop. We quantified genetic diversity in tetraploid switchgrass germplasm collected at Oklahoma State University and characterized genetic relatedness among the collections from distinct regions. Fifty-six tetraploid accessions, including seven...

[1] We have used satellite-based broadband radiation observations to construct a longterm continuous 1985–2005 record of the radiative budget components at the top of the atmosphere for the tropical region (20 S–20 N). On the basis of the constructed record we have derived the most conservative estimate of their trends. We compared the interannual variability of the net radiative fluxes at the ...

often considered a geologic analog to the modern, rapid addition of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. The ability to assess the sensitivity of many rate-dependent climate change impacts, based on the PETM analogy, hinges critically on the PETM warming rate. Current estimates of the PETM warming rate face considerable problems, for example, due to the nontrivial statistical challenges in account...

1 Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Potsdam, Germany 2 Manchester Metropolitan University (MMU), Manchester, UK 3 National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder, CO, USA Received: 20 December 2007 – Accepted: 6 January 2008 – Published: 27 March 2008 Correspondence to: M. Meinshausen ([email protected]) Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf o...