The equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) has a large uncertainty range among models participating in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) and has recently been presented as ‘‘inherently unpredictable.’’ One way to circumvent this problem is to consider the transient climate response (TCR). However, the TCR among AR4 models also differs by more tha...

Strong scientific consensus prevails over the fact that Earth’s climate is currently warming and will be warming further over the coming decades, as a consequence of the radiative perturbation caused by anthropogenic greenhousegas (GHG) emissions. The conclusions of the IPCC’s Fourth Assessment Report (AR4: Solomon et al. [2007], [AR4] hereafter) further buttress this consensus. There is, howev...

Introduction According to the Fourth IPCC Assessment Report on Climate Change (AR4), anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are responsible for a major part of the observed global warming over the past 50 years. In addition carbon dioxide (CO2), released from the burning of fossil fuels and biomass (e.g. burning of forest for land clearance) is recognized as the most important anthropogen...

Bombesin receptors are overexpressed on a variety of human tumors like prostate, breast, and lung cancer. The aim of this study was to develop radiolabeled (Indium-111, Lutetium-177, and Yttrium-90) bombesin analogues with affinity to the three bombesin receptor subtypes for targeted radiotherapy. The following structures were synthesized: diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid-gamma-aminobutyric a...

prediction of climatic variables on a local scale by general circulation models of the atmosphere is impossible because the models have large-scale network of resolution. therefore, downscaling methods are used to solve this problem. since the climate change phenomenon can affect different systems such as, water resources, agriculture, environment, industry and economy as well, selection of the...

34 Abstract Climate model simulations available from the PMIP1, PMIP2 and CMIP (IPCC-AR4) intercomparison projects for past and future climate change simulations are examined in terms of polar temperature changes in comparison to global temperature changes and with respect to pre-industrial reference simulations. For the mid-Holocene (MH, 6,000 years ago), the models are forced by changes in th...

[1] We present a comprehensive evaluation of uncertainties in the Global Warming Potential (GWP) and Global Temperature Change Potential (GTP) of CH4, using a simple climate model calibrated to AOGCMs and coupled climate‐carbon cycle models assessed in the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). In addition, we estimate uncertainties in these metrics probabilistically by using a method that does n...