This article examines the meanings of “attack” in international law. It points out that the term is used in two distinct bodies of that law. First, the term “armed attack” appears in the jus ad bellum, which governs when a State may resort to force as an instrument of its national policy. In that context, it serves as a condition precedent to the resort to force in self-defence pursuant to Arti...

Information technology is redefining national security and the use of force by state and nonstate actors. The use of force over the Internet warrants analysis given recent terrorist attacks. At the same time that information technology empowers states and their commercial enterprises, information technology makes infrastructures supported by computer systems increasingly accessible, interdepend...

When states or armed rebels indiscriminately attack civilians, they generally attack civilians who support and/or have a substantial capacity to influence opposing states or rebel movements. Overthrowing, defeating or strongly pressuring such states or movements is the primary goal of terrorism, which is thus a kind of indirect warfare. ‘Categorical’ terrorism – violence against a whole categor...

Wireless sensors are very small embedded devices with low memory, low computing power and low battery life. Various applications such as continuous connectivity, weather monitoring, industry and instantly -deployable communication for first responders and armed. These networks already consider environmental conditions, factory performance, and troop deployment, to name some applications. Wirele...

The research is devoted to the legal regulation of peculiarities martial law in Ukraine. norms Ukrainian legislation as imposition Ukraine are studied. concepts and grounds for decision declare given. It determined, that armed aggression, attack threat, danger violating territorial integrity. Proposals amendments legislation, governing regime Ukraine, have been identified. Law On Defense Consti...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Gunshot Injuries used to be rare in Nigeria until the civil war of 1967-1970. Unfortunately, it has become very rampant recently. The objective of this paper is to look at the epidemiology of armed robbery-related gunshot injuries as seen in the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital over a five-year period. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data on patients that presented wi...

Cattle raiding, a longstanding practice among pastoralists in South Sudan, was historically governed by cultural authorities and ritual prohibitions. However, after decades of on-and-off integration into armed forces, raiders are now heavily armed, and military-style attacks claim dozens if not hundreds of lives at a time. Beginning with the emergence of the infamous Lou Nuer “White Army” in th...