natural climatic conditions in urban areas can be changed by human physical environment. climate as a natural system and city as a human system have close mutual connections. urban population growth and consequent increase in urban physical expansion may lead to intensification in human activities and disturbances in the environment. this contributes to alterations in solar radiation, balance o...

Although the first evidence for neutrino oscillations came from measurements on atmospheric neutrinos in underground experiments, neutrino oscillations have yet to be demonstrated in high energy neutrino telescopes, whose energy threshold is significantly higher. Recent studies have shown that a clean sample of atmospheric neutrinos with energies as low as 20 GeV can be isolated in the ANTARES ...

A frequently cited atmospheric CO2 threshold for the onset of Antarctic glaciation of ∼ 780 ppmv is based on the study of DeConto and Pollard (2003) using an ice sheet model and the GENESIS climate model. Proxy records suggest that atmospheric CO2 concentrations passed through this threshold across the Eocene–Oligocene transition ∼ 34 Ma. However, atmospheric CO2 concentrations may have been cl...

This study was carried out using two sets of numerical weather forecast data and flight reports for Clear Air Turbulence (CAT) over Iranian Plato to find atmospheric flow patterns favorable to the formation of CAT. The numerical data include five months of AVN analysis with horizontal resolution of 1 degree(about 100 km) and four months forecast data of MM5 model with resolution of 50 km. Impor...

air pollution is a problem in kathmandu, nepal. particulate matter concentrations often exceed threshold values at which human health is severely affected. the problem is serious since it is in the valley topography wherein the meteorological parameters role is significant. this study addresses the linkages between meteorological processes and air pollution in the lower atmosphere of the kathma...

Abstract Pyrocumulonimbus (pyroCb) clouds are difficult to predict and can produce extreme unexpected wildfire behavior that be very hazardous fire crews. Many forecasters modify conventional thunderstorm diagnostics pyroCb potential, by adding temperature (? ? ) moisture increments q represent smoke plume thermodynamics near the expected condensation level. However, estimating these ? is a hig...

The severity of the impact of elevated atmospheric pCO 2 to coral reef ecosystems depends, in part, on how seawater pCO 2 affects the balance between calcification and dissolution of carbonate sediments. Presently, there are insufficient published data that relate concentrations of pCO 2 and CO 2− 3 to in situ rates of reef calcification in natural settings to accurately predict the impact of e...

In this paper the performance of a binary polarization shift keying (BPOLSK) modulated free space optical (FSO) link employing coherent detection in the presence of the atmospheric turbulence is investigated. First, a closed-form expression for the bit error rate (BER) of a BPOLSK-FSO system is presented taking into account the atmospheric turbulence-induced fading and noise. The BER performanc...

The capability of Degree Heating Weeks index (DHWs) was examined for prediction of bleaching events in the coral reef communities of the Kish Island located in the north of the Persian Gulf. In doing so, weekly Sea Surface Temperature (SST) values (in 1°×1° spatial resolution) prepared by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), coupled with documented bleaching events, such...