Recent theoretical and methodological innovations suggest a distinction between implicit and explicit evaluations. We applied Campbell and Fiske's (1959) classic multitrait-multimethod design precepts to test the construct validity of implicit attitudes as measured by the Implicit Association Test (IAT). Participants (N = 287) were measured on both self-report and IAT for up to seven attitude d...

objective: the present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of metacognitive therapy (mct) and cognitive-behavior therapy (cbt) in treating iranian patients with major depressive disorder (mdd). methods: thirty three outpatients meeting dsm-iv-tr criteria for mdd without any other axis i and ii disorders were randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions, i.e. mct, cbt and pharmaco...

This research investigates the utility of text-based similarity measures in developing agree/disagree attitude scale questions in three ways. First, text mining of the narrative responses to an open-ended survey question about employee performance identified characteristic issues raised by highly engaged versus less engaged employees. These issues were used to develop new items that increased t...

In recent years, several techniques have been developed to measure implicit social cognition. Despite their increased use, little attention has been devoted to their reliability and validity. This article undertakes a direct assessment of the interitem consistency, stability, and convergent validity of some implicit attitude measures. Attitudes toward blacks and whites were measured on four sep...

This article explores the relation of age to manifestations and antecedents of attitude strength. Three studies demonstrate that susceptibility to attitude change is greater during early and late adulthood than during middle adulthood. Three additional studies demonstrate that attitude importance, certainty, and perceived quantity of attitude-relevant knowledge are greater in middle adulthood t...