generation neural stem cells from neurosphere–derived bone marrow stem cells using bioactive substance atc. bone marrow cells (bmscs) were isolated from rat. bmscs cultured by dmem/f12 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. these cells evaluated by specific markers of bmscs such as bioactive substance atc, b27. then bmscs differentionated in to neurosphere and divided in two groups wh...

Abstract Objectives Data on antibiotic consumption in the community were collected from 30 EU/EEA countries over two decades. This article reviews temporal trends, seasonal variation, presence of change-points and changes composition main groups. Methods For period 1997–2017, data antibiotics, i.e. antibacterials for systemic use (ATC group J01), community, aggregated at level active substance,...

Abstract Objectives Data on consumption of tetracyclines, sulphonamides and trimethoprim, other antibacterials were collected from 30 EU/European Economic Area (EEA) countries over two decades. This article reviews temporal trends, seasonal variation, presence change-points changes in the composition main subgroups trimethoprim antibacterials. Methods For period 1997–2017, data tetracyclines (A...

Abstract Objectives Data on consumption of penicillins in the community were collected from 30 EU/European Economic Area (EEA) countries over two decades. This article reviews temporal trends, seasonal variation, presence change-points and changes composition main subgroups penicillins. Methods For period 1997–2017, data penicillins, i.e. β-lactam antibacterials, (ATC group J01C), aggregated at...

Abstract Objectives Data on cephalosporin consumption in the community were collected from 30 EU/EEA countries over two decades. This article reviews temporal trends, seasonal variation, presence of change-points and changes composition main subgroups cephalosporins. Methods For period 1997–2017, data cephalosporins (i.e. first-, second-, third- fourth-generation cephalosporins; ATC J01DB, J01D...

Abstract Objectives This tutorial describes and illustrates statistical methods to detect time trends possibly including abrupt changes (referred as change-points) in the consumption of antibiotics community. Methods For period 1997–2017, data on antibacterials for systemic use (ATC group J01) community, aggregated at level active substance, were collected using WHO ATC/DDD methodology expresse...

in the last few years, a lot of preclinical studies showed the therapeutic potential of stem cells in spinal cord injury (sci). neural stem cells (nscs) can be differentiated into all cell types of spinal cord. nscs are cells that maintain the capacity to differentiate into brain-specific cell types, and may also replace or repair of injury in central nervous system. here in, we describe the ef...

Abstract Objectives Surveillance of antibiotic consumption in the community is utmost importance to inform and evaluate control strategies. Data on two decades were collected from 30 EU/European Economic Area (EEA) countries. This article reviews temporal trends presence abrupt changes subgroups relevance antimicrobial stewardship. Methods For period 1997–2017, data yearly community, aggregated...