the philosophy of biology has existed as a distinct sub-discipline within the philosophy of science for about thirty years. the rapid growth of the field has mirrored that of the biological sciences in the same period. today the discipline is well represented in the leading journals in philosophy of science, as well as in several specialist journals. there have been two generations of textbooks...

the systematics, morphology, distribution, biology, economic importance and conservation of the freshwater eel ( anguilla anguilla ) of iran are described, the species is illustrated, and a bibliography on this fish in iran is provided. the species is found in the caspian sea basin as an exotic.

Background: Synthetic biology is an interdisciplinary branch of biology and engineering. As synthetic biology develops into a promising science and engineering field, we need to clarify the purpose and nature of this science in terms of security, ethics and the recognition of the benefits of potential risks. The aim of this study was to evaluate the researchers’ attitudes toward synthetic biolo...

the systematics, morphology, distribution, biology, economic importance and conservation of the bull shark ( carcharhinus leucas ) in iran are described, the species is illustrated, and a bibliography on this fish in iran is provided.

the systematics, morphology, distribution, biology, economic importance and conservation of the lamprey of iran are described, the species is illustrated, and a bibliography on this fish in iran is provided. there is one native and endemic species in the caspian sea basin, caspiomyzon wagneri . the genus caspiomyzon is characterised by having 2 dorsal fins, an oral disc narrower than the body, ...

RNA processing is essential factor for synthesis of functional and structural proteins in eukaryote cells. In eukaryote organisms it will be initiated with transcription of DNA in nucleolus and terminated to mRNA translation in cytoplasm, finally mRNA degraded. Protein synthesis followed as different steps, includes 5' capping, poly adenylating, processing and transferring from nucleolus to cyt...