introduction:despite advances in disease prevention and food materials technology, food – borne diseases are still a major problem in both developed and developing countries. morever, meat plays a key role in transfer of bacteria, especially “zoonotic” to humans. therefore, we decided to investigate the outbreak of pathogenic bacteria such as salmonella,campylobacter, yersinia and aeromonas in ...

since the mid-19 th century, human activities have increased greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide in the earth's atmosphere that resulted in increased average temperature. the effects of rising temperature include soil degradation, loss of productivity of agricultural land, desertification, loss of biodiversity, degradation of ecosystems, reduced fresh-water resou...

occupational exposure to blood and body fluids is an important hazard for health care workers, which places them at a high risk for blood-borne infections including hepatitis b virus, hepatitis c virus and human immunodeficiency virus and results in psychological and emotional stresses. several preventive measures have been proposed including pre-exposure ( e.g. , education, use of standard pre...