Four steroid 21-hydroxylase B [P-450(C21)B] genes (designated P.7, P.10-1, P.10-2, and P.3) from three P-450(C21)-deficient patients were isolated to analyze their structures and functions. Several base changes were observed in the sequences of the four P-450(C21)B genes as compared to that of the functional B gene. Many of these base changes were identical to those of the P-450(C21)A pseudogen...

-Angiotensin type 2 receptor-mediated effects of angiotensin II appear to counteract many of the effects mediated via the angiotensin type 1 receptor. Compound 21 (C21), a selective angiotensin type 2 receptor agonist, has demonstrated beneficial effects on cardiac function after myocardial infarction in rodents. We hypothesized that C21 alone or in combination with an angiotensin type 1 recept...

Dans les milieux scolaires, apprenant·e·s ont à développer compétences du 21e siècle (C21) (gouvernement Québec, 2019). La classe flexible, qui propose aux élèves différentes positions de travail afin qu’ils développent leurs avec un maximum confort et concentration (Uline al., 2010), pourrait être environnement pédagogique propice au développement des C21 (GPAEA, 2014). Toutefois, on ignore li...

BACKGROUND In this study, the neuroprotective effect of a novel nonpeptide AT2R agonist, C21, was examined in a conscious model of stroke to verify a class effect of AT2R agonists as neuroprotective agents. METHODS AND RESULTS Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were pre-treated for 5 days prior to stroke with C21 alone or in combination with the AT2R antagonist PD123319. In a separate seri...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of compound 21 (C21), a selective AT2 receptor agonist, on diabetic nephropathy and the potential additive effect of C21, when associated with losartan treatment, on the development of albuminuria and renal fibrosis in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. The experiments lasted 15 wk (from 5 to 20 wk of age) and were performed in 40 ZDF rats and 12 ...

High-sodium intake is a risk factor for the pathogenesis of hypertension, especially in obesity. The present study is designed to investigate whether angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R) activation with selective agonist C21 prevents high-sodium diet (HSD)-induced hypertension in obese animals. Male obese rats were treated with AT2R agonist C21 (1 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1), oral) while maintained on eith...

BACKGROUND We have previously documented the finding that central angiotensin type 2 receptors (AT2R) negatively modulate sympathetic outflow and arterial blood pressure (BP). In this study, we investigated the effects of intracerebroventricular (icv) infusion of Compound 21 (C21), the first selective nonpeptide AT2R agonist, on norepinephrine (NE) excretion and BP in rats. METHODS C21 was in...

BACKGROUND This study is the first to examine the effect of direct angiotensin II type 2 (AT(2)) receptor stimulation on postinfarct cardiac function with the use of the novel nonpeptide AT(2) receptor agonist compound 21 (C21). METHODS AND RESULTS Myocardial infarction (MI) was induced in Wistar rats by permanent ligation of the left coronary artery. Treatment with C21 (0.01, 0.03, 0.3 mg/kg...

Divergent total syntheses of (-)-kopsifoline D and (-)-deoxoapodine are detailed from a common pentacyclic intermediate 15, enlisting the late-stage formation of two different key strategic bonds (C21-C3 and C21-O-C6) unique to their hexacyclic ring systems that are complementary to its prior use in the total syntheses of kopsinine (C21-C2 bond formation) and (+)-fendleridine (C21-O-C19 bond fo...