[1] Rafting is one of the important deformation mechanisms of sea ice. This process is widespread in the north Caspian Sea, where multiple rafting produces thick sea ice features, which are a hazard to offshore operations. Here we present a one‐dimensional, thermal consolidation model for rafted sea ice. We consider the consolidation between the layers of both a two‐layer and a three‐layer sect...

the main aim of the current paper is to discuss the important effective variables, particularly synoptic patterns, in creating flood in masoule basin using flood discharge data in komadoul station during 20 year period (1984-2003). to achieve the aim, daily average and instantaneous maximum of discharge in mentioned station were used. data accuracy was done using the data for chomesghal station...

introduction the dynamic state index (dsi) is being introduced on the basis of a newly developed theory termed the energy-vorticity theory (evt). as a weather index, the dsi can describe the temporal sequence and intensity of areas of high and low pressure; but as a climate index, it can also diagnose climate change based on the variation in solar radiation or the influences of friction. in phy...

a total of 48 female spirlins alburnoides sp. from the kesselian stream (south caspian sea basin, northern iran) were examined during a period from july 2008 to june 2009 to obtain data on fecundity, and to determine the spawning season of this carp. the mean absolute fecundity of females spirlin was 1722.92 (653.88) eggs. the fecundity has positive correlation with the size of the female. the...

caspian sea is the largest enclosed body of water on the earth. since the collapse of soviet union in 1991 and discovering large oil and gas fields, some issues such as political, economic and environmental events, made the caspian sea important. the ecology of the sea are being endangered due to several issues such as petroleum extraction, river and sea pollutions, water level rise, biological...

* The author is employed at the United Nations Environment Programme’s Regional Office for Europe. The paper is presented by the author in her personal capacity, however, and opinions expressed in this paper should be attributed to the author. They are not meant to represent the positions or opinions of UNEP or the State Parties to the Framework Convention on the Protection of the Marine Enviro...

Kutum is considered as one of the anadramous species of the Caspian Sea. Due to continuous population decline of the fish since 1975, Iranian fisheries organization started to restock this species. Nowadays, there is growing concern over the effects of restocking on natural populations. For this purpose, population structure and genetic variation of this species in the Iranian coastline of Casp...

ocean waters often show layered structures especially where exchange flow between two basins occurs. these structures are often attributed to processes such as double.diffusive convection, internal waves, turbulent modulated mixing. in this paper by examining the vertical structures of temperature, salinity and density, of the middle parts of caspian sea it is shown that such layered structure ...

This study evaluated the feasibility of a drowning intervention package in northern Islamic Republic of Iran. A quasi-experimental design used pre- and post-observations among residents and tourists in water-recreation beach areas of intervention and control regions by the Caspian Sea and in residents near the Caspian Sea coastline. The fatal drowning rate in the studied resident population in ...