Robust methods to assess nonhuman animal emotion are essential for ensuring good welfare in captivity. Cognitive bias measures such as the judgment bias task have recently emerged as promising tools to assess animal emotion. The simple design and objective response measures make judgment bias tasks suitable for use across species and contexts. In reviewing 64 studies published to date, it emerg...

Attended stimuli reach perceptual-level processes before unattended stimuli do, a finding that is referred to as visual prior entry. We asked whether a similar effect arises for salient objects (foreground figures) in a visual scene. If prior entry holds for figure-ground perception, targets will be perceived to appear earlier on figures than on grounds. Participants performed a temporal order ...

The mechanisms of perceptual learning and contextually sensitive retrieval were recently suggested as possible explanations of the effect of irrelevant information on judgment: the judgment of the same stimulus was reported to depend on its irrelevant characteristics. The reported experiments test the chances for a perceptual learning explanation of the effect. Experiment 1 successfully induces...

Learning is considered to consist of two distinct phases-acquisition and consolidation. Acquisition can be disrupted when short periods of training on more than one task are interleaved, whereas consolidation can be disrupted when a second task is trained after the first has been initiated. Here we investigated the conditions governing the disruption to acquisition and consolidation during mixe...

ing from the effects of path angularity and path direction, we suggest that the direct distance between path endpoints is a parsimonious explanation that explains both biases. The meta-analytic test of mean p's across the independent experiments reported in this article yields a mean p of .0165 (z = 4. 1, p < .001, where z = [0.50 mean p][ VI2N] and Nis the number of studies; Edgington 1972; se...