background: the indispensable use of agrochemicals has created serious threats for earthworms abundance and their population therefore, several earthworm protocols have gained acceptance for use in tests to assess the effects of soil chemicals on soil organisms. dichlorovos, an organophosphorus pesticide, is one of the widely used pesticides in agricultural fields of m.p., central india. the ai...

Background, Aims and Scope. Endpoints in earthworm ecotoxicology scheduled in guidelines are mortality and reproduction rates. However, not only the direct influence of pollutants on population parameters but also changes in behaviour such as substrate avoidance can have an important impact on soil ecosystems. In practice two different avoidance response tests are applied in earthworm ecotoxico...

AIM The objective of this project was to explore the influence of immunoactive drugs (tactivin, thymulin, and thymosin fraction 5) on the development of the passive avoidance conditioned reflex. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two types of passive avoidance boxes were used--a regular two-chamber box and a modified three-chamber box, comprising a dark chamber in which rats were exposed to electrical sho...

The hedonic properties of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) were assessed using the place conditioning, taste reactivity, and taste avoidance tests. LSD produced a conditioned place preference, but only at the highest dose tested (0.2 mg/kg). A single preexposure to the conditioning chamber (latent inhibition) prevented the establishment of a place preference. When paired with sucrose, doses of ...

Almost all terrestrial and aquatic assays that are accepted as standardized, or that have been proposed, involve the exposure of confined organisms to toxicants. If avoidance (sensu evasion, displacement) of contaminants occurs in real situations, then bioassays involving forced exposure severely underestimate pernicious effects of contamination. Two main objectives were achieved in this study:...

BACKGROUND The learning perspective of panic disorder distinguishes between acute panic and anxious apprehension as distinct emotional states. Following animal models, these clinical entities reflect different stages of defensive reactivity depending upon the imminence of interoceptive or exteroceptive threat cues. The current study tested this model by investigating the dynamics of defensive r...

introduction: estrogen is one of the gonadal hormones that has multiple beneficial actions in central nervous system and involves in learning and memory. alzheimer's disease (ad) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that impairs patient memory. the human nucleus basalis of meynert (nbm) is severely affected in alzheimer's disease. so in this study the effect of peripheral (intr...

The present experiment examined the effect of aspirin on the escape/avoidance behavioral response to a mechanical stimulus (476 mN von Frey mono®lament) in the place escape avoidance paradigm (PEAP) following subcutaneous administration of carrageenan (CARR). Forty-one male Sprague±Dawley rats received subcutaneous injection of CARR or saline in the left hindpaw and 3 1/2 h later were administe...

INTRODUCTION It is unknown how the brain coordinates decisions to withstand personal costs in order to prevent other individuals' distress. Here we test whether local field potential (LFP) oscillations between brain regions create "neural contexts" that select specific brain functions and encode the outcomes of these types of intersubjective decisions. METHODS Rats participated in an "Intersu...