■ Abstract Beam-based positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS) is a powerful porosimetry technique with broad applicability in the characterization of nanoporous thin films, especially insulators. Pore sizes and distributions in the 0.3–30 nm range are nondestructively determined with only the implantation of low-energy positrons from a table-top beam. Depth-profiling with PAS has proven to be ...

"Life" is a particular state of matter, and matter is composed of various molecules. The state corresponding to "life" is ultimately determined by the genome sequence, and this sequence determines the conditions necessary for survival of the organism. In order to elucidate one parameter characterizing the state of "life", we analyzed the amino acid sequences encoded in the total genomes of 557 ...

Let P be any operad. A P-bimodule R that is a P-cooperad induces a natural “fattening” of the category of P-(co)algebras, expanding the morphism sets while leaving the objects fixed. The morphisms in the resulting R-governed category of P-(co)algebras can be viewed as morphisms “up to R-homotopy” of P-(co)algebras. Let A denote the associative operad in the category of chain complexes. We defin...