We assessed the speed of the ventilatory response to square-wave changes in alveolar P(CO2) and the relative gains of the steady-state ventilatory response to CO2 of the central chemoreceptors vs. the carotid body chemoreceptors in intact, unanesthetized dogs. We used extracorporeal perfusion of the reversibly isolated carotid sinus to maintain normal tonic activity of the carotid body chemorec...

The relative importance of peripheral vs. central chemoreceptors in causing apnea/unstable breathing during sleep is unresolved. This has never been tested in an unanesthetized preparation with intact carotid bodies. We studied three unanesthetized dogs during normal sleep in a preparation in which intact carotid body chemoreceptors could be reversibly isolated from the systemic circulation and...

A description is given of crustacean chemosensory systems and the neurophysiological procedures used to study them. Their response properties and tuning characteristics are discussed. A review is then provided of specific crustacean chemoreceptors that are stimulated selectively by either purine nucleotides, taurine, glutamate, or glycine, all of which have neuroactive properties in internal ti...

The stimulation of arterial baroreceptors (blind sack technique) inhibited the preganglionic and postganglionic cardiac sympathetic activity. There were found three populations of single sympathetic preganglionic fibers (Th3) responding in a different way to the stimulation of arterial baroreceptors and arterial chemoreceptors (infusion of the small volume of saline bubbled with CO2 into the ca...

Voluntary apnea activates the central and peripheral chemoreceptors, leading to a rise in sympathetic nerve activity and limb vasoconstriction (i.e., brachial blood flow velocity and forearm cutaneous vascular conductance decrease to a similar extent). Whether peripheral and/or central chemoreceptors contribute to the cutaneous vasoconstrictor response remains unknown. We performed three separa...

In contrast to Escherichia coli, a model organism for chemotaxis that has 5 chemoreceptors and a single chemosensory pathway, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 has a much more complex chemosensory network, which consists of 26 chemoreceptors feeding into four chemosensory pathways. While several chemoreceptors were rigorously linked to specific pathways in a series of experimental studies, for most o...

Prabhakar, Nanduri R., and Ying-Jie Peng. Peripheral chemoreceptors in health and disease. J Appl Physiol 96: 359–366, 2004; 10.1152/japplphysiol. 00809.2003.—Peripheral chemoreceptors (carotid and aortic bodies) detect changes in arterial blood oxygen and initiate reflexes that are important for maintaining homeostasis during hypoxemia. This mini-review summarizes the importance of peripheral ...

Chemosensory systems (CSS) are complex regulatory pathways capable of perceiving external signals and translating them into different cellular behaviors such as motility and development. In the δ-proteobacterium Myxococcus xanthus, chemosensing allows groups of cells to orient themselves and aggregate into specialized multicellular biofilms termed fruiting bodies. M. xanthus contains eight pred...

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the level of arterial pressure and degree of baroreceptor activation affect responses to stimulation of chemoreceptors. Chemoreceptors were stimulated by injecting nicotine into the common carotid artery of anesthetized and paralyzed dogs. Responses were observed in the innervated gracilis muscle, perfused at constant flow while perfusion press...