UNLABELLED PREMISE OF THE STUDY I present a protocol for creating geometric leaf shape metrics to facilitate widespread application of geometric morphometric methods to leaf shape measurement. • METHODS AND RESULTS To quantify circularity, I created a novel shape metric in the form of the vector between a circle and a line, termed geometric circularity. Using leaves from 17 fern taxa, I pe...

In this paper, we propose a new roundness parameter R, to denote circularity corrected by aspect ratio. The basic concept of this new roundness parameter is given by the following equation: R = Circularity + (Circularity perfect circle Circularity aspect ratio) where Circularityperfect circle is the maximum value of circularity and Circularityaspect ratio is the circularity when only the aspect...

Attribute grammars (AGs) are a formal technique for defining semantics of programming languages. Existing complexity proofs on the circularity problem of AGs are based on automata theory, such as writing pushdown acceptor and alternating Turing machines. They reduced the acceptance problems of above automata, which are exponential-time (EXPTIME) complete, to the AG circularity problem. These pr...

The most commonly used measure of circularity of objects in images is shown to give incorrect results. An alternative measure of circularity based on the distance between a set and a discrete disk is described. The alternative measure gives circularity zero (distance zero) for discrete disks and values in the range (0,1] for discrete sets which are not disks.

Abstract Nowadays, the circularity concept dominates debate on resource management in cities and territories. The idea is often used as a vehicle towards more sustainable socio-ecological transition, based circular economy (CE) framework. Unlike other sustainability frameworks, CE originates ecological environmental economics industrial ecology. It focuses developing an alternative economic tec...

In this correspondence we mainly consider the asymptotic distribution of the estimator of circularity coefficients of scalar and multidimensional complex random variables. A particular attention is paid to rectilinear RV. After deriving new properties of the circularity coefficients, the maximum likelihood estimate of the circularity coefficients in the Gaussian case and asymptotic distribution...

We propose a constructive interpretation of truth which resolves the standard semantic paradoxes. 1. Heuristic concepts In intuitionism the law of excluded middle (LEM) is not accepted because the assignment of truth values to sentences is seen as a kind of open-ended process. Although the validity of any purported proof is supposed to be decidable, the truth value of a given sentence may not b...

In this paper we propose a new circularity measure which defines the degree to which a shape differs from a perfect circle. The new measure is easy to compute and being area based, is robust – e.g., with respect to noise or narrow intrusions. Also, it satisfies the following desirable properties: – it ranges over (0, 1] and gives the measured circularity equal to 1 if and only if the measured s...