Geological and climatic processes potentially alter speciation rates by generating and modifying barriers to dispersal. In Southeast Asia, two processes have substantially altered the distribution of land. Volcanic uplift produced many new islands during the Miocene-Pliocene and repeated sea level fluctuations during the Pleistocene resulted in intermittent land connections among islands. Each ...

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of several aspects of climate, such as temperature and altitude, on dental maturation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The total sample consisted of 944 panoramic radiographs (473 Turkish children from Central Anatolia [228 girls and 245 boys] and 471 Turkish children from Eastern Anatolia [222 girls and 249 boys]). The children aged between 7....

Climate scientists routinely rely on averaging over time or space to simplify complex information and concisely communicate findings. Currently, no consistent definitions of ‘warm’ ‘cool’ seasons for southern Australia exist, making comparisons across studies difficult. Similarly, numerous climate in use either arbitrarily defined areas the Natural Resource Management (NRM) clusters perform spa...

Crater degradation on Mars is a key to understand erosion through time. Strongly eroded craters in the highlands are interpreted to be the result of enhanced erosion rate during the Noachian epoch [1]. While fluvial valleys climatic meaning and duration are still difficult to define (strongly warmer climate or episodic activity under slightly warmer climate), the enhanced Noachian craters degra...