The order Gymnodiniales comprises unarmoured dinoflagellates. However, the lack of sequences hindered determining the phylogenetic positions and systematic relationships of several gymnodinioid taxa. In this study, a monophyletic clade was defined for the species Ceratoperidinium margalefii Loeblich III, Gyrodinium falcatum Kofoid & Swezy, three Cochlodinium species, and two Gymnodinium-like di...

Traditionally Cocholodinium and Gymnodinium sensu lato clade are distinguished based on the cingulum turn number, which has been increasingly recognized to be inadequate for Gymnodiniales genus classification. This has been improved by the combination of the apical groove characteristics and molecular phylogeny, which has led to the erection of several new genera (Takayama, Akashiwo, Karenia, a...

We investigated feeding of natural populations of red-tide algae, heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNFs), and ciliates (<30 μm in cell length) on natural populations of marine bacteria (mostly heterotrophic bacteria) in diverse Korean waters (Masan Bay, Jinhae Bay, Shiwha Bay, Keum River estuary, and the open coastal waters off Yeosu) during red tides in 2004 to 2005. To explore the functional re...

Herein, a monolithic polycarbonate (PC) microdevice was developed to handle both DNA extraction and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) processes successively. Target cell – Cochlodinium polykrikoides microalgae, the causative species for harmful algal blooms in South Korea – was firstly captured on amine-functionalized microbeads via electrostatic interaction and then lysed to release DNA into sub...