Abstract Urban parks are important public multifunctional space used for a wide range of activities. The usage levels of parks depend on the spatial characteristics of the spaces, where its forms and occupancies are referred as the usage-spatial relationship. Natural elements spatial complexity and park usability is of interest in this study. A photo - questionnaire was conducted among 296 of p...

Why has the problematic of complexity appeared so late? And why would it be justified? 1. The three principles of the rejection of complexity by 'classical science' Classical science rejected complexity in virtue of three fundamental explanatory principles: (1) The principle of universal determinism, illustrated by Laplace's Daemon, capable, thanks to his intelligence and extremely developed se...

Given a string, what is its complexity? We survey what is known about the computational complexity of this problem, and describe several open questions.

We prove several results about the relationship between word complexity function of a subshift and set Turing degrees points subshift, which we call spectrum. Among other results, show that spectrum can be realized via linear if only it consists union finite number cones, exponential (i.e. positive entropy) contains cone, every either degree <tex-mat...

As modern engineered systems become ever more connected and interdependent there is an increasing need to evaluate their complexity. However, evaluating system complexity challenging due the ...