Although it is a standard practice in high-income countries, determination of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) load is not recommended in developing countries because of the costs and technical constraints. As more and more countries establish capacity to provide second-line therapy, and as costs and technological constraints associated with viral load testing decrease, the question of wh...

there are some problems with estimating the time required for the manufacturing process of products, especially when there is a variable serving time, like control stage. these problems will cause overestimation of process time. layout constraints, reworking constraints and inflexible product schedule in multi product lines need a precise planning to reduce volume in particular situation of lin...

the first step in the design of plate girder is to estimate the self-weight of it. although empirical formulae for the same are available, the level of their accuracy (underestimate or overestimate) with respect to actual self-weight is not known. in this paper, optimized sections are obtained for different spans subjected to different live load carrying capacities and self-weights are estimate...