Analyzing Cost Efficient Production Behavior Under Economies of Scope: A Nonparametric Methodology In designing a production model for firms that generate multiple outputs, we take as a starting point that such multi-output production refers to economies of scope, which in turn originate from joint input use and input externalities. We provide a nonparametric characterization of cost efficient ...

background: activity based costing (abc) is one of the new methods began appearing as a costing methodol­ogy in the 1990's. it calculates cost price by determining the usage of resources. in this study, abc method was used for calculating cost price of remedial services in hospitals. methods: to apply abc method, shahid faghihi hospital was selected. first, hospital units were divided into thre...

air pollution is an example of a negative externality; it imposes harmful effects and costs on people other than polluters. in controlling air pollution, efficiency argument implies that, there is a rolefor the government to play. studies show that taxation of fuels can be a powerful indirect instrumentfor controlling air polluticn because of the association between fuels use and emissions. in ...

liberalization of energy price increases costs of agricultural inputs and costs of agricultural production. all these changes may affect the overall competitiveness of domestic products with similar foreign products. as a result of that, total cost of agricultural products are increased and profitability are decreased. in this paper, energy consumption for producing corn were calculated using c...

this research was conducted in the west forest of guilan, northern iran. data from various harvesting methods for 20 years were collected. results showed that, productivity rate of round wood, pulp wood and fuel wood has had an upward trend, while rate of traditional products (lumber, sawn wood, charcoal, etc.) has had a downward trend. production cost has been investigated in this research. th...

the present study was focused on supply chain analysis of fresh guava in order to evaluate existing marketing supply chains (sc1: producer - consumer, sc2: producer - retailer - consumer, sc3: producer - commission agent - retailer - consumer, sc4: producer - commission agent - wholesaler - retailer - consumer) for two variety (allahabad safeda and apple guava) of guava. the gross marketing pri...

in the process of milk production, the highest cost relates to animal feed. based on reports provided by the experts, around seventy percent of dairy livestock costs included feed costs. in order to minimize the total price of livestock feed, according to the limits of feed sources in each region or season, and also the transportation and maintenance costs and ultimately milk price reduction, o...

in this research the activity of 75 producers, 55 wholesalers and 55 retailers, citrus market of jahrom county was investigated. the results indicated that margin of wholesale, retail and total margin of citrus in this county was 1461.1, 1480.3, and 2941.4 rs respectively. share of producer from marginal price was estimated to be 57.9 percent and share of wholesaler was more than retailer. in t...