stand establishment in crusting soil is one of the main concerns in the production of crops with delicate seedlings such as cotton, onions and rape seed. crust breaking, maintaining soil moisture and adding chemical and organic amendments to soil are different methods to weaken soil strength and allow the shoots to emerge. these methods are not always successful because they depend on factors s...

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seeds are susceptible to low temperature and excess moisture in soil during seed emergence in years with high rainfall and low temperature in spring. Therefore, a two-year field experiment was carried out to evaluate effects of ridge tillage formed in autumn (RT-I), ridge tillage formed about a month before planting (RT-II) and flat conventional tillage (CT) culti...

There is narrow selectivity in cotton with regards to soil-applied herbicides, meaning that rates needed for effective weed control can likewise cause cotton injury, especially when environmental conditions are less than optimal for cotton emergence and growth. The objective of this research was to determine the influence of seed size, vigor, and planting depth on cotton injury from soil-applie...

in order to investigate efficacy of the integrated weed management in cotton fields, three experiments were carried out in three cotton growing areas of iran, including varamin, khorasan, fars in 2006. these experiments were conducted in randomized complete block design with 13 treatments and 4 replications. one of the pre plant soil mixtured herbicides (trifluralin 48% ec and ethalfluralin 33....

Seed decay (rot) and seedling damping-off caused by Rhizoctonia solani are among the most important diseases of cotton which result in the significant yield reduction, application of expensive and harmful chemical fungicides and most importantly contamination of soil and agricultural environment. This study was conducted to investigate the possible efficacy of cotton seed delinting in the reduc...

Understanding the impact of the warming trend on phenological stages and phases of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in central and lower Punjab, Pakistan, may assist in optimizing crop management practices to enhance production. This study determined the influence of the thermal trend on cotton phenology from 1980-2015 in 15 selected locations. The results demonstrated that observed phenological ...

PDC (Plant Density of Cotton) was an essential parameter for estimating the cotton yield and developing the zone-management measurements. This paper proposed a new method to retrieve PDC from the satellite remote sensing data. The thirteen fields of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (XPCC) (total 630 hm) were selected as the study area, where the sowing date, emergence date, and PDC we...

Cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD), the most complex disease of cotton, is a major limiting biotic factor to worldwide cotton productivity. Several whitefly-transmitted monopartite begomoviruses causing CLCuD have been characterized and designated as CLCuD-associated begomoviruses. Despite of being reported over 100 years ago in Africa, CLCuD became economically pandemic causing massive losses to...

It is shown that the Cotton tensor can describe effects of gravity beyond general relativity. Any solution Einstein equations with or without cosmological constant satisfies field described by tensor. implies an integration constant. A vacuum a theory represented vanishing tensor, rather than Ricci An exact Schwarzschild-like for static and spherically symmetric source discovered. Although invo...