Famous cultural monuments are often regarded as unique icons, making them an attractive target for terrorists. Despite huge military and police outlays, terrorist attacks on important monuments can hardly be avoided. We argue that an effective strategy for discouraging terrorist attacks on iconic monuments is for the government to show a firm commitment to swift reconstruction. Using a simple g...

Historical monuments as architectural heritage are, economically and culturally, considered one of the key aspects for modern communities. Cultural heritage represents a country’s national identity and pride and maintains and enriches that country’s culture. Therefore, conservation of the monuments remained from our ancestors requires everybody’s serious and unremitting effort. Conservation, re...

Cultural heritage around the globe suffers from wars, natural disasters and human negligence. The importance of cultural heritage documentation is well recognized and there is an increasing pressure to document our heritage both nationally and internationally. This has alerted international organizations to the need for issuing guidelines describing the standards for documentation. Charters, re...

lawgiver, for the purpose of penal supporting of national historical-cultural monuments, ratified repeated article 566 of islamic penal code in 1388; which demonstrates three actions of “making fake cases”, “introducing, carrying or storing” and “buying of historical-cultural monuments” as crimes. this criminalizing was necessary and advantageous, but the procedure of criminalizing has some wea...

In last years all the activities developed in the cultural heritage field have shown the necessity to integrate different analytical methodologies and technologies to obtain a cognitive apparatus of our architectural monuments, both from geometric and materical-

The conservation of World Heritage is critical to the cultural and social sustainability of regions and nations. Risk monitoring and preventive diagnosis of threats to heritage sites in any given ecosystem are a complex and challenging task. Taking advantage of the performance of Earth Observation technologies, we measured the impacts of hitherto imperceptible and poorly understood factors of g...

Microorganisms play critical roles in every kind of habitat on Earth, including those constructed by humans. Thus, our cultural heritage is affected by microbial colonization. While classical microbiological methods based on culturing procedures have provided important, but limited information on the microbial diversity of natural samples, novel molecular techniques have been extremely valuable...

The project “Georeferencing of Architectural Heritage” is part of a larger Regional Program of Development that provides the carrying out of the management aim “Achievement and optimization of the Informative System of Lombardia for the Risk Chart of Cultural Heritage”. The project aims to build, as pointed out in laws, the co-ordination of activities and specific competences that are necessary...

Digitizing heritage monuments is a process of spatial data acquisition, geometry modelling, digital archiving and web-based representation. Moreover, there are several survey and digitizing techniques working and developing such as traditional manual methods, topographic methods, photogrammetric methods and scanning methods. The most popular on application and developing is 3D laser scanning te...