It is not yet understood how the molecular mechanisms controlling the release of neuropeptides differ from those controlling the release of classical transmitters, mainly because there are few peptidergic synapses in which the environment at the presynaptic release sites can be manipulated. Using Aplysia californica neuron B2, which synthesizes both peptide and classical transmitters, we have e...

one of the recent inquiries in the field of hadith studies is the investigation of transferred traditions and their causes and impacts on shi‘i hadith circles. by exploring some traditions in the hadith collection of al-shaykh al-saduq and comparing the textual similarities and also the chain of transmitters, this research attempts to show that traditions of jewish origin in the shi‘i hadith ci...

sezgin argued that written documents were used from early on and although collectors transmitted their works orally but extracted hadiths from written sources. according to him the isnads contain the name of authors and the authoritative transmitters of the books. also he proposed a method based on isnad analysis to single out the sources of a collector and to reconstruct the early lost works. ...