The number of functional subsets of CD4+ T lymphocytes distinguished by their cytokine production has been extended in the last decade. The in vitro generation of a T cell subset characterized by IL-6 production has resurrected the question of cytokine co-expression patterns in T cells. In order to delineate these cells as a specific functional subpopulation in vivo, we profiled the cytokine pr...

To gain more insight into the role of cytokines in Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) we followed pro-inflammatory cytokine profiles in rats with steroid-induced PCP at 2-week intervals. The cytokines measured were immunoreactive interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), bioactive interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). In vivo cytokine concentrations were determined in three c...

Background: Macrophages activation is the important anti-leishmania immune response. Different signals could affect macrophages development and functional activation. Objectives: In the present study, we compared the effect of Leishmania Soluble Antigen (LSA)and Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on peritoneal macrophage responses. Appropriate activation of macrophages depends on thesignals they receive ...

Background: Alginate materials have been widely employed for biomedical applications ranging from wound healing to cancer treatment. However, how alginate materials affect the immune system is largely unknown. Objective: To explore the impact of alginate materials on immune system. Methods: The effect of three types of alginate materials, low viscosity, high viscosity and particulate alginate, ...

Elevated antigen-stimulated anti-inflammatory cytokine production appears to be a risk factor for upper respiratory tract illness in athletes. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of prolonged exercise and hydration on antigen-stimulated cytokine production. Twelve healthy males cycled for 120 min at 60% [Formula: see text] on two occasions, either euhydrated or moderately hyp...

BACKGROUND Phospholipase Cε (PLCε) is an effector of Ras and Rap small GTPases and expressed in non-immune cells. It is well established that PLCε plays an important role in skin inflammation, such as that elicited by phorbol ester painting or ultraviolet irradiation and contact dermatitis that is mediated by T helper (Th) 1 cells, through upregulating inflammatory cytokine production by kerati...

Dendritic cells (DC) can produce Th-polarizing cytokines and direct the class of the adaptive immune response. Microbial stimuli, cytokines, chemokines, and T cell-derived signals all have been shown to trigger cytokine synthesis by DC, but it remains unclear whether these signals are functionally equivalent and whether they determine the nature of the cytokine produced or simply initiate a pre...

IMMUNOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF FLGE2 RECOMBINANT PROTEIN IN HELICOBACTER PYLORI ON TNF-A CYTOKINE PRODUCTION MACROPHAGE CELLS VITRO

During pathogenic influenza virus infection, robust cytokine production (cytokine storm), excessive inflammatory infiltrates, and virus-induced tissue destruction all contribute to morbidity and mortality. Earlier we reported that modulation of sphingosine-1-phosphate-1 receptor (S1P1R) signaling provided a chemically tractable approach for the effective blunting of cytokine storm, leading to t...