The paper explores the role of R&D investments reducing fixed production costs in entry deterrence. An incumbent monopolist performs R&D to reduce its fixed production costs. There is a potential entrant, which can also perform R&D for the same purpose. There are bidirectional technological spillovers between the incumbent and the potential entrant. It is shown that deterrence, which takes the ...

We study the impact of an innovative policy intervention in India that led to a rapid expansion â??all women police stationsâ?? across cities on reported crime against and deterrence. Using identification strategy exploits staggered implementation stations nationally representative data various measures deterrence, we find opening increased by 22 percent. This is due increases reports female ki...