Abstract In this paper, we compare deterrence, settlement, and litigation spending under adversarial inquisitorial systems. We present a basic model with three sequential stages—care, litigation—and test the predictions on experimental data. line our theoretical expectations, find that, compared system, system is associated lower spending, rates of cases settled, tends to strengthen deterrence.

Abstract Any threat to use nuclear weapons inherently carries the possibility of escalation a level such that both parties in conflict, and likely many others, would be destroyed. Yet are also seen as necessary for securing very things destroyed if were ever used. The fix this dilemma relies on strategy deterrence. Deterrence provides rationale why necessary, even though they may seem dangerous...

Dengue is caused by virus is also known as break bone fever. Dengue is spread by numerous mosquito species of Aedes group. Dengue attacked mostly in tropical countries. Unfortunately dengue has also becomes dengue hemorrhagic fever, which leads bleed from under skin or nose. It can turn dengue shock disorder which causes substantial shock and bleed. There is no precise cure and no vaccine avail...

This paper investigates parole decisions when the offender may commit a second crime after having been set free. A convicted person is discharged earlier if the cost of the crime declines or the cost of the imprisonment increases. More dangerous offenders will be dismissed later unless the second penalty has a stronger deterrence effect on them. Other results require an insignificant deterrence...

The most famous element in Bentham’s theory of punishment, the Panopticon Prison, expresses his view of the two purposes of punishment, deterrence and special prevention. We investigate Bentham’s intuition in a public goods lab experiment by manipulating how much information on punishment experienced by others is available to would-be offenders. Compared with the tone that Jeremy Bentham set, o...

The poor state of security on the Internet calls for more effective ways to protect networked systems from attacks. One solution is to be able to counter attack with offensive capabilities. With attacker information available, companies find themselves in a dilemma – counter attack for immediate self-defense, retaliate for future deterrence, inform the appropriate law enforcement authorities, o...

In this study, we use county data on private security establishments and employment for 1977–92 to test two hypotheses. First, we test whether private security deters crime. Second, we test whether John Lott and David Mustard’s estimates of the impact of shall-issue laws on crime are biased because of a lack of controls for private security. We find little evidence that private security reduces...

Experimental huts are part of the WHO process for testing and evaluation of Insecticide Treated Nets (ITN) in semi-field conditions. Experimental Hut Trials (EHTs) mostly focus on two main indicators (i.e., mortality and blood feeding reduction) that serve as efficacy criteria to obtain WHO interim recommendation. However, several other outputs that rely on counts of vectors collected in the hu...