The constellation of abnormalities caused by insulin deficiency is called diabetes mellitus. The cause of clinical diabetes is always a deficiency of the effect of insulin at the tissue level. Type I diabetes or insulindependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), is due to insulin deficiency caused by autoimmune destruction of the B cell in the pancreatic islets, and it accounts for 35 % of cases and us...

Diabetes is justly recognized as an emerging global epidemic, representing one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Hyperglycemia, the common characteristic of both type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), has the potential to cause serious complications due to its insidious and chronic nature. The present special issue has been designed to pub...

THERE is no doubt that the retinal changes which may occur in diabetic patients are by far the most important ocular complication of the disease. It is now generally recognized that there is a type of retinopathy peculiar to diabetics, which is quite distinct from that occurring as a result of hypertension or arteriosclerosis. Ballantyne and Loewenstein (1943), reviewing a large series of diabe...

Over the last several decades, the global incidence and prevalence of diabetes mellitus has increased significantly. The raised incidence rate is projected to continue as greater numbers of persons adopt a Western lifestyle and diet. Patients with diabetes mellitus are at heightened risk of both adverse microvascular and cardiovascular events. Moreover, once cardiovascular disease develops, dia...

The prevalence of diabetes (DM) is constantly increasing worldwide at an alarming rate. According to the International Diabetes Federation in 2015, an estimated 415 million people globally were suffering from this condition [1]. Complications of DM account for increased morbidity, disability, and mortality and represent a threat for the economies of all countries, especially the developing ones...