the occurrence and fate of trace-level contamination of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment has been recognized as one of the emerging issues in environmental chemistry. the effluents of wastewater treatment plants, usually directly emitted to the environment, often contain the anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac. diclofenac was chosen because it is of high consumption; by background liter...

In recent years, cleaning validation has achieved a position of increasing in the pharmaceutical industry. It provides assurance to the cleaning procedure that ensures equipment is consistently cleaned from the product, detergent and microbial residues to an acceptable level to avoid cross-contamination and adulteration of drug product with other active ingredients. The aim of this study was to...

Contamination of their carrion food supply with the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac has caused rapid population declines across the Indian subcontinent of three species of Gyps vultures endemic to South Asia. The governments of India, Pakistan and Nepal took action in 2006 to prevent the veterinary use of diclofenac on domesticated livestock, the route by which contamination occ...

In silico approaches have become indispensable for drug discovery as well as drug repositioning and adverse effect prediction. We have developed the eF-seek program to predict protein-ligand interactions based on the surface structure of proteins using a clique search algorithm. We have also developed a special protein structure prediction pipeline and accumulated predicted 3D models in the Str...

Pharmaceuticals present a potential threat to soil organisms, yet our understanding of their fate and uptake in soil systems is limited. This study therefore investigated the fate and uptake of (14)C-labeled carbamazepine, diclofenac, fluoxetine, and orlistat in soil-earthworm systems. Sorption coefficients increased in the order of carbamazepine < diclofenac < fluoxetine < orlistat. Dissipatio...

Covalent protein modifications by electrophilic acyl glucuronide (AG) metabolites are hypothetical causes of hypersensitivity reactions associated with certain carboxylate drugs. The complex rearrangements and reactivities of drug AG have been defined in great detail, and protein adducts of carboxylate drugs, such as diclofenac, have been found in liver and plasma of experimental animals and hu...

The detection of residues of various pharmaceuticals in surface waters during the last two decades has prompted concerns about possible adverse effects of this kind of pollution on aquatic organisms. The objective of the present study was to investigate effects of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac, one of the pharmaceuticals most prevalent in surface waters, on brown trout (Sa...

Class of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), includes Anaprox (naproxen), Ansaid (flurbiprofen), Arthrotec (diclofenac sodium/misoprostil), Caldolor (ibuprofen), Cambia (diclofenac potassium), Cataflam (diclofenac), Celebrex (celecoxib), Daypro (oxaprozin), Daypro Alta (oxaprozin), Duexis (ibuprofen and famotidine), Dyloject (diclofenac), Feldene (piroxicam), Flector (diclofenac), In...